Luminescent Erbium-Based Nanoparticles Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Erbium and erbium oxide nanoparticles (Er-NPs) have been synthesized in deionized (DI) water using the green and environmentally friendly technique of pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), with laser fluence ranging from 2.5 to 20.9 J/cm 2 . Owing to the careful examination of the nanoparticle morphology, crystal structure, and chemical composition, the occurrence of various growth regimes is evidenced. The size of the Er-NPs is found to increase with the laser fluence, and the formed nanoparticles are surrounded by a thin hydroxide layer of a few nanometers thickness, originating from water and chemical residues. The activation of 4f–4f optical transitions associated with trivalent Er 3+ ions is promoted by the formation of erbium oxide. The Er-NPs having diameters lower than 100 nm are made of Er 2 O 3, whereas Er-NPs of larger dimensions are made of an oxidized erbium oxide matrix containing a large amount of excess Er, the concentration of which increases gradually inside the Er-NPs. The formation of this graded Er/Er 2 O 3 core–shell structure gives rise to a decrease in the Er visible photoluminescence emission. These findings shed light on the influence of the PLAL laser fluence on both the geometry and the composition of Er-NPs, as well as its consequence on their photoemission capacity, making them relevant for easy implementation with tunable properties in advanced photonics devices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".