Policing the Uptown: A Historical Narrative Analyzing Black-Led Coalitions in Response to Police Brutality in Halifax in 1991
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article delves into the historical context of Black resistance to racial oppression in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It focuses on a critical juncture in the ongoing struggle against anti-Black racism in the city—the “Uptown Riots” of 1991. Through archival research and interviews with community members, the article explores how Black activists organized and responded to the municipality, province, and federal government’s complicity in racial oppression during and after the Uptown Riots. The concept of racial institutional orders is employed to analyze the complex relationships between Black communities advocating for self-determination and the governing institutions perpetuating racial concepts of Black inferiority and victimhood. By examining the continuity of resistance and the reconstitution of the dominant racial institutional order, this article sheds light on the enduring impacts of this incident on the affected communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.039 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".