The stability and elimination of mammalian enveloped and non-enveloped respiratory and enteric viruses in indoor air: Testing using a room-sized aerobiology chamber
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We assessed the viability of aerosolized human betacoronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43; ATCC VR-1558), human rhinovirus-14 (RV-14; ATCC VR-284) and feline calicivirus (FCV; ATCC VR-782) as representative enveloped and non-enveloped respiratory viruses of mammals in indoor air under ambient conditions (relative humidity 50±10% and air temperature 22±2°C) using a room-sized (25 m 3 ; 900 ft 3 ) aerobiology chamber. All virus suspensions contained a soil load to simulate the presence of body fluids and they were separately aerosolized into the chamber using a six-jet Collison nebulizer. A muffin fan was used to uniformly mix the air inside the chamber and to keep the aerosols airborne. A slit sampler with Petri plates containing 3% (wt./vol) gelatin was used to collect the air samples. The gelatin was liquefied in an incubator and assayed for infectious virus as plaque-forming units (PFU). The rates of biological decay of HCoV-OC43, RV-14 and FCV were 0.0052±0.00026, 0.0034±0.0027 and 0.0081±0.0031 (as log 10 PFU/m 3 /min), respectively. We also assessed a HEPA filter-based stand-alone air purifier against the experimentally aerosolized viruses and the device could demonstrate > 3-log 10 reductions in the viability of the three viruses in 46, 62 and 41 minutes, respectively. Therefore, we can now investigate the stability of mammalian viruses in indoor air as well as air decontamination technologies against them under field-relevant conditions. • Novel protocol developed to investigate survival and inactivation of mammalian viruses aerosolized in a room-size aerobiology chamber • Assessed stability of aerosolized viruses in a room-sized aerobiology chamber. • Assessed removal of aerosolized mammalian viruses by a HEPA filter-based air purifier. • Decay Rates of human coronavirus OC43, rhinovirus-14, and feline calicivirus were determined. • Biological decay rates of the three viruses were determined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".