Fractionation of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) with polyvinylpyrrolidone: A study on antimony associated with WSOM in contaminated soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• WSOM in Sb-spiked soils was fractionated into HA, FAA, FAB • Alkali-extracted HAs and WSOM were more aliphatic • 97% of total Sb was found to be bound by the FA fraction • Strong correlations between Sb in WSOM and TN, TC, TOC were observed • Fe/Al-SOM complexes play an important role is Sb sequestration • FAA fraction play the most important role in Sb bioavailability Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils, yet the interaction specifics with antimony (Sb) remain largely unexplored. Antimony is of particular environmental concern due to its toxic properties and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health. Employing a three-step fractionation method with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), this study aimed to isolate and analyze humic acids (HA), PVP-non adsorbed fulvic acids (FAA), and PVP-adsorbed fulvic acids (FAB) from WSOM in soil spiked with Sb and incubated for 18 months. These fractions underwent chemical analysis for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), total organic carbon (TOC), and Sb, complemented by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization. The study revealed that HA was more aliphatic, with Sb predominantly associating with the fulvic acid (FA) fraction, accounting for 97% of Sb in extracts. Specifically, the FAA subfraction held substantial portions of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), and Sb. Correlations between Sb concentrations and TN, TC, and TOC were significant. Extraction methods showed NaOH and Na 4 P 2 O 7 outperformed HCl and deionised water in extracting TC, TN, and TOC, with higher Sb concentrations found in Na 4 P 2 O 7 and NaOH extracts. This underscores the role of Fe/Al-SOM complexes in Sb soil availability. The results revealed that FAA subfraction accounted for 76%, 64% and 94% of TC, TN, TOC and Sb respectively. Therefore, this research highlights the FAA fraction's central role, predominantly comprising non-humic substances like amines, in the availability of C, N, and Sb in Sb-impacted soils. The findings offer insights for environmental management and remediation strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".