The <i>Pluteus leoninus</i> clade in the Holarctic region: existing names evaluated and seven new species described
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pluteus leoninus is a commonly reported species, characterized by a yellow pileus, yellow colors on the stipe, pleurocystidia provided with digitiform excrescences, and a pileipellis composed of long, fusiform elements. Several species related to P. leoninus have been described from the temperate and boreal areas of the Northern Hemisphere, and previous phylogenetic studies have shown that more than one species can be recognized around P. leoninus, but it was unclear how many, or which names, would be correct for them. We studied 141 holarctic collections in the /leoninus clade and available type collections of species in this group. Taking into account the morphological, molecular (ITS, tef1), ecological, and geographic variation in our data set, we recognize 12 holarctic species, six in Eurasia (P. favrei, P. leoninus, P. roseipes, P. ochraceoleoninus, sp. nov. P. ussuriensis, sp. nov. P. variabilicolor) and six in North America (P. aureus, sp. nov. P. croceus, sp. nov. P. flavofuligineus, P. hesperius, sp. nov. P. insularis, sp. nov. P. pumae, sp. nov.). Tropical species included by Singer in stirps Leoninus are briefly discussed: P. chrysaegis, originally described from Srik Lanka, is confirmed to occur in North America (Florida, Puerto Rico); we provide the first modern description and molecular data for P. conizatus, originally described from Sri Lanka, which is confirmed to be part of Pluteus sect. Hispidoderma but does not belong in the /leoninus clade.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".