Crucial Examination of Thermal Behavior of Solid-State Battery for Intelligent Gray Box Model-based Automotive Battery Management Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) represent one of the most promising technologies for next-generation energy storage systems, offering potential advantages in safety, energy density, and longevity compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. However, comprehending and managing the thermal behavior of these batteries across a wide range of operating conditions is essential for ensuring their safe and reliable operation. Furthermore, gray box modeling-based state estimation and control are extremely crucial due to the higher degree of nonlinearity exhibited under dynamic operating conditions of SSBs. Gray box modeling is a fusion of equivalent circuit models and data-driven techniques, requiring battery test data and information on charging/discharging and thermal characteristics of SSBs. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the thermal behavior of SSBs through laboratory experiments conducted in a controlled environment. Additionally, it investigates the thermal characteristics of SSBs under various charging and discharging conditions to assess their suitability for e-mobility applications. Moreover, it examines the thermal behavior and stability of SSBs and introduces a concept of a gray box modeling-based temperature detection scheme for an effective thermal management system. The insights gained from this study can inform the development of advanced thermal management strategies and contribute to the design of safer and more efficient solid-state battery technologies for e-mobility applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".