CFD-Simulation of Bulk Condensation Considering the Finite Rate of Interphase Heat Transfer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The work is devoted to simulation of the bulk condensation in a supersonic flow of a vapor-gas mixture through the Laval nozzle considering the finite rate of the interphase heat transfer. Numerical methods are examined for predicting the temperature of droplets using the improved VOF (Volume of Fluid) and Eulerian multiphase models. It has been demonstrated that, compared to the Eulerian model, the VOF model more accurately predicts the known experimental data and provides the numerical solution whose stability is less susceptible to the effect of high intensity source terms. Comparison of the predictions with the experimental data of other authors has revealed that the two-temperature model more accurately describes the flow with bulk condensation than the single-temperature model does. The application of a single-temperature approximation is justified when the impurity content in the mixture does not exceed 2% (by weight) since the zone of the active condensation onset is relocated considerably compared to its relocation in the case of the two-temperature approximation. However, the single-temperature approximation is recommended only for calculating the overall heat release level that could be beneficial, for example, for quick assessment of the effect of bulk condensation on turbine stage performance. The previously obtained estimates confirmed the applicability of the single-temperature formulation at an impurity content as high as 5 wt %, but solving this problem in 3D formulation improved the accuracy of these estimates. It has been revealed that the assumption about the flow homogeneity along the channel height (as one of the assumptions employed in one-dimensional calculations) during bulk condensation in a slot-type Laval nozzle is not valid on changing-over to a three-dimensional two-temperature formulation: supersaturation persists at the phase boundary, as a result of which the droplet growth process continues at the circumference of the flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".