Virulence Is More than Adhesion and Invasion Ability, an In Vitro Cell Infection Assay of Bovine Mycoplasma spp.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is the most common mycoplasma associated with cattle diseases worldwide. However, other seemingly less virulent Mycoplasma spp. such as M. bovigenitalium and M. bovirhinis have also been associated with mycoplasmosis. The study objective was to compare the adhesion and cellular invasion characteristics of these bovine Mycoplasma spp. using Madin–Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) epithelial cells. MDBK cells were separately infected with 12 M. bovis strains and one strain each of M. bovigenitalium and M. bovirhinis. Following infection, a gentamicin protection assay was performed and the cells lysed at 6 and 54 h post-infection. The MDBK cell lysates were cultured for Mycoplasma spp. and qPCR was used to estimate the average number of Mycoplasma bacterial cells that infected each MDBK cell (Myc/Cell ratio). Confocal and electron microscopy studies using M. bovis mNeonGreen strain were also performed. All 14 Mycoplasma strains multiplied within the MDBK cells, a finding confirmed by microscopy studies of the M. bovis mNeonGreen strain. Unexpectedly, the M. bovis strains, obtained from diseased and asymptomatic cattle and bison, had lower Myc/Cell ratios than M. bovirhinis and M. bovigenitalium strains. These findings suggest that the ability for mycoplasmas to invade and replicate within host cells does not account for the differences in virulence between species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".