High sensitivity of herbaceous legumes to freezing: Insights from a multiyear snow removal study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Reductions in snow cover resulting from winter climate change are anticipated to increase the intensity of freezing exposure for overwintering herbaceous plants in many northern temperate regions. We examined whether herbaceous legumes, a key functional group responsible for increasing soil nitrogen inputs, are more sensitive to freezing than nonleguminous plants in northern temperate plant communities. We conducted snow removal experiments for three years in three herbaceous plant communities (a fallow area, an old field and a restored prairie) and recorded plant cover and biomass responses. For all three years, there were substantial decreases in legume biomass in response to snow removal for the fallow area (reductions of 70%, 90% and 50%; primarily Melilotus albus and M. officinalis ) and old field (reductions of 50%, 60% and 50%; primarily Trifolium pratense and Lotus corniculatus ), whereas there were no consistent significant reductions in biomass across years for the other herbaceous functional groups (graminoids and nonleguminous forbs). In contrast, in the restored prairie, dominated by the native legume Desmodium canadense , there were no consistent snow removal effects on the biomass of legumes or any other functional groups across years, although snow removal did reduce the percent cover of this species early in the growing season. Our results suggest that increased soil freezing via reductions in snow cover can have a stronger negative effect on some legumes than on other functional groups in northern temperate herbaceous plant communities, potentially reducing soil nitrogen inputs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".