Effects of Polyphenolic Extracts From Sumac, Pomegranate Peel, Indian Almond Leaves, Falsa, and Banana Bracts on Calcium Oxalate and Brushite Crystallization In Vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stone formation, is a widespread global health concern. This study examines the effects of polyphenolic extracts, along with their anthocyanin and non‐anthocyanin fractions, from sumac fruit, pomegranate peel, almond leaves, falsa fruit, and banana bracts on the crystallization of calcium oxalate (CaC 2 O 4 ·nH 2 O) and brushite (CaHPO 4 ·2H 2 O) in vitro. The extracts were prepared through maceration in aqueous methanol and further fractionated into anthocyanin and non‐anthocyanin fractions using solid‐phase extraction. For calcium oxalate crystallization, nucleation and aggregation were monitored using a spectrophotometer in the presence and absence of these extracts and fractions. For brushite crystallization, the single diffusion gel growth method was employed. All extracts inhibited the crystallization of both calcium oxalate and brushite in a dose‐dependent manner, significantly reducing crystal number, size, and altering crystal morphology. Non‐anthocyanin fractions demonstrated a stronger inhibitory effect than anthocyanin fractions. Molecular docking studies further revealed that compounds in these fractions exhibited strong binding affinity with proteins involved in the adhesion and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals to renal cells, supporting their antilithogenic properties. These findings suggest that these natural polyphenolic sources hold promise as potential inhibitors of kidney stone formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".