Advancing the circular economy: green recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from coal combustion fly ash using biohydrometallurgical techniques with mixotrophic bacteria
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coal remains a crucial energy source, with European countries reactivating coal-fired stations to prevent winter blackouts, highlighting its energy security importance. This research investigates coal fly ash (CFA) from a power plant in Indonesia, which is rich in rare earth elements (REEs) that are vital for contemporary technologies. The analysis reveals that the CFA is primarily composed of Si, Fe, Al and Ca, and is notably concentrated in REEs such as Ce, Y, La, Nd, Sc and Pr. Employing biohydrometallurgical techniques involving mixotrophic bacteria, this study aims to sustainably extract these REEs. The findings indicate effective recovery, especially of heavy REEs like terbium, achieving a maximum extraction rate of 70%. Six bacterial strains demonstrated enhanced efficacy in extracting heavy rather than light REEs. The research emphasises the potential of CFA as a significant secondary source of critical metals, promoting eco-friendly extraction methods as feasible and sustainable alternatives.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it