Lithium-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction in a Flow Electrolyzer Cell Using a Gas-Diffusion Cathode with Carbonaceous Reaction Layers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction (LNRR) shows promise for sustainable NH 3 production, but flow electrolyzers incorporating gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs) have rarely been studied toward this application. This work investigates cathode GDEs using inexpensive carbonaceous reaction layers to achieve stable and active NH 3 electrosynthesis for over 8 h under pulsed currents. Particularly, the amorphous C45 demonstrates superior durability over Vulcan, Vulcan-supported Pt, and graphitic SFG6L at −5 mA cm –2 . Replacing Nafion with polyvinylidene fluoride as the binder improves the NH 3 production rate (3.11 ± 0.41 μmol h –1 cm –2 ) and Faradaic efficiency (5.0 ± 0.65%), outperforming prior precious-metal-free cathode results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".