Environmental Context of Watermills in Medieval Sussex: Natural and Social Contexts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
agriculturalists have taken advantage of the massive stores of nutrients found within these cereal grains and, while hunter–gatherers and nomads would harvest wild cereals with tough shells and standard nutritional packages, agricultural societies constructed technologies that ranged in sophistication from simple mortar–and–pestles and hand mills to complex windmills with rotating turrets and steam– and fuel–powered mills from the Industrial Revolution, all process increasing amounts of cereals to access the necessary nutrients found within.1 One mill, in particular, rose to prominence in the earlier medieval period as its prevalence, popularity, efficiency, and accessibility made it a popular technology in medieval Europe and Britain: the watermill. With its genesis dating back to around 200 BCE, the watermill has become a focus of study for scholars over the past century as its importance in economies and societies attracted the scholar’s attention.2 The research produced on the topic of the watermill evolved steadily throughout the past century, yet scholars primarily focus on the economic significance of the structure, while sidelining the environmental context and importance of these structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".