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Record W4408394928 · doi:10.15353/whr.v11.6416

Environmental Context of Watermills in Medieval Sussex: Natural and Social Contexts

2025· article· en· W4408394928 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueWaterloo Historical Review · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicHistorical Economic and Social Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsNatural (archaeology)Context (archaeology)ArchaeologyEnvironmental ethicsHistorySociologyPhilosophy

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

agriculturalists have taken advantage of the massive stores of nutrients found within these cereal grains and, while hunter–gatherers and nomads would harvest wild cereals with tough shells and standard nutritional packages, agricultural societies constructed technologies that ranged in sophistication from simple mortar–and–pestles and hand mills to complex windmills with rotating turrets and steam– and fuel–powered mills from the Industrial Revolution, all process increasing amounts of cereals to access the necessary nutrients found within.1 One mill, in particular, rose to prominence in the earlier medieval period as its prevalence, popularity, efficiency, and accessibility made it a popular technology in medieval Europe and Britain: the watermill. With its genesis dating back to around 200 BCE, the watermill has become a focus of study for scholars over the past century as its importance in economies and societies attracted the scholar’s attention.2 The research produced on the topic of the watermill evolved steadily throughout the past century, yet scholars primarily focus on the economic significance of the structure, while sidelining the environmental context and importance of these structures.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.904
Threshold uncertainty score0.637

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.018
GPT teacher head0.222
Teacher spread0.204 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it