Impact of Substance Use Disorder on Healthcare Utilization in Patients Admitted with Severe Infections: A Retrospective Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patients who use drugs (PWUD) can develop serious infections requiring long-term parenteral antibiotics through peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC). Due to provider fears of ongoing substance use, PWUD often remain hospitalized for the duration of therapy. This retrospective study compares hospital outcomes among PWUD to those without a documented history of substance use. Patients with an infection listed as the most responsible diagnosis and received a PICC were included. The primary outcomes were length-of-stay and total costs. Ethics approval was obtained from the Health Sciences North Research Ethics Board. Compared to those without a documented history of substance use, PWUD had a longer median length-of-stay in the hospital (30 days vs. 7 days, p < 0.001) and incurred higher median total costs ($23,036.32 vs. $7,477.84, p < 0.001). Therefore, a multi-pronged approach should be considered, including outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy programs, adaptive antibiotic regimens, and concurrent substance use disorder treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".