Sex differences in the association between hypertension, cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive decline: a narrative review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to review how cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is associated with hypertension and cognitive decline, specifically regarding sex differences in this association. Strong evidence supports the associations between hypertension and cognitive decline, hypertension and CSVD, as well as CSVD and cognitive decline in both women and men. Sex-stratified analyses show that compared to men, hypertension leads to worse cognitive decline in women likely due to its stronger association with CSVD in women. Indeed, compared to men, prevalence of CSVD and CSVD lesion progression is also higher in women and later in life, the incidence of hypertension is higher in women. Moreover, the association between hypertension and CSVD was found to be stronger in women, as was the association between hypertension and cognitive decline. Therefore, focus on hypertension and CSVD as an important pathophysiological mechanism for cognitive decline may uncover novel sex-specific therapeutic avenues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".