Sustainable Reservoir Management: Simulating Water Flooding to Optimize Oil Recovery in Heterogeneous Reservoirs Through the Evaluation of Relative Permeability Models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relative permeability of a fluid plays a vital role in numerical simulation studies of multiphase flow. Several empirical models are used to estimate relative permeability, but these models are often inaccurate due to differences in the assumptions under which it is formulated. A specific model of relative permeability can significantly impact the results of a simulation, so it is essential to select the most appropriate model. This study incorporates the numerical simulation of water flooding into several well-known classical and non-linear predictive models of relative permeability. Based on the comparison of classical predictive models, the results reveal that the predictions from the classical models were more closely aligned with experimental data during the pre-water injection phase. However, after the water injection, the models overestimated the average reservoir pressure. Due to this limitation, all classical models were unable to match water-cut data accurately. In contrast, the proposed non-linear model demonstrated superior performance in matching the water-cut data. Compared to classical models, it accurately predicted water cut and reservoir performance. The proposed model developed for sandstone reservoirs was able to predict krw (the relative permeability of water) and kro (the relative permeability of oil) with low errors (RMSE = 0.028 and 0.01, respectively). The R2 values of the proposed model for kro and krw were 0.97 and 0.98, indicating excellent agreement with the experimental results. The proposed model also demonstrated a significant improvement in the accuracy of simulation data matching after water injection. Additionally, this model provides flexibility in parameter tuning and a solid foundation for relative permeability model development. By improving relative permeability modeling, this study enhances water flooding simulations for more efficient resource utilization and reduced environmental impact. This new approach improves the selection and development of appropriate models for numerical simulations of water flooding in sandstone reservoirs thereby enhancing predictions of reservoir performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".