Recycling of scrap steel slag and waste rubber in asphalt mixtures: evaluation of road performance and environmental impact analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To recycle scrap steel slag and waste rubber in asphalt mixtures and improve road performance, this paper investigates the road performance of a coupling agent modified crumb rubber/SBS composite modified asphalt mixture with waste steel slag powder as filler, and explores the environmental impact of Cr6+ leaching from waste steel slag powder. The road performance of the asphalt mixture was assessed by radar plot method and the asphalt binder was tested for microscopic characterisation using atomic force microscopy. The results showed that compared with conventional asphalt mixtures (matrix asphalt and SBS modified asphalt), its high temperature rutting resistance was improved by 180% and 67.1%, tensile properties by 29% and 25.5%, and water damage resistance by 18.7% and 13.1% respectively. The low temperature performance meets the technical requirements for pavement use. The asphalt effectively inhibited Cr6+ leaching and the leaching concentration did not exceed the limit value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".