Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Life-history traits jointly determine survival, growth, and reproduction, yet their evolutionary interdependence remains poorly understood. Most comparative studies focus on pairwise trade-offs or composite axes, overlooking the complexity of multivariate coevolution. Here, we integrate phylogenetic path analysis and multivariate Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models to investigate the coevolution of five key life-history traits across amniotes. We show that life-history evolution proceeds through modular coevolutionary pathways with distinct tempos among traits and taxa. Despite loading similarly on the fast–slow axis of mammals and birds, clutch size and clutch frequency evolve independently at both instantaneous and long-term timescales, with clutch frequency adapting rapidly, whereas clutch size evolves slowly over macroevolutionary time. Lifespan, development time, and offspring size exhibit positive coevolution at instantaneous scales across clades, but follow distinct adaptive modes with varying directions over longer timescales. These patterns become evident only through the integrated multivariate comparative approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".