Bibliographic record
Abstract
I am grateful to Fathi Habashi for pointing out that the first oil well was not the one drilled by Edward Drake on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859, as is the common perception.In writing this paper my major concern was with the role that chemistry played in the realization of this venture.Benjamin Silliman Jr., who provided the analyses of the oil seeps, showed that by fractional distillation a product equivalent to the kerosene then being made by destructive distillation of coal could be obtained.It must be remembered that by 1858 the kerosene for lighting was being produced in large quantities by the processes developed by the Canadian Abraham Gesner and the Scot James Young.The Canadian well produced so little crude oil that it gained modest significance as a source of kerosene.It is the vast amount of crude oil that was found in Pennsylvania that led to the decline of the coal oil industry and the rise of the extraction of oil as a major industry in the United States initially and very soon thereafter in other parts of the world.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".