On the role of pickup protons in the generation of mirror modes at Mars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the magnetosheath of planets, mirror modes triggered by the mirror mode instability form as large magnetic structures imprisoning dense and hot plasma in their midst. The free energy created from a large pressure anisotropy at their origin can come from several sources. At Earth and other planets, the quasi-perpendicular shock provides the plasma with the necessary heating along the perpendicular direction to the local magnetic field. At Mars, the extended exosphere theoretically provides another source of temperature anisotropy, with exospheric neutrals locally ionised and subsequently picked up by local electric fields creating unstable ring-beam velocity distribution functions. Using the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission plasma instrumentation, we show for the first time at Mars the unmistakable signature of near locally-generated mirror mode structures due to pickup protons. The pickup ion mechanism is reminiscent of temperature anisotropy-generating mechanisms found at comets, the outgassing moons of Jupiter, and in other heliospheric scenarios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".