Numerical simulations of gravitational perturbations due to pre-seismic deep slab deformations before the 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku earthquake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The numerical simulation of gravity perturbations associated with deep slab deformations during the seismic cycle of great subduction earthquakes remains a significant challenge. This study presents a novel approach for simulating gravity anomalies induced by short-term slab deformations using the Spectral-Infinite-Element (SIE) method, implemented in the SPECFEM-X tool. Geodynamic models involving different fault settings are developed within a realistic 3D earth structure. The simulation includes a layer of infinite boundary elements surrounding the models in order to mimic a semi-infinite extent of the domain. Sensitivity analyses are carried out to assess the influence of the fault slip parameters (magnitude, mechanism, and location) as well as the density and velocity structure. The approach is first validated through synthetic benchmarks and then applied to a real-world scenario of the 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku earthquake. For this case, we design a 3D Earth model, incorporating a realistic Pacific slab in the region of the earthquake, and calculate the gravity anomalies induced by a sudden episode of slab extension, which is hypothesized to have occurred months before the rupture. The modelled gravity changes due to these pre-seismic deformations are compared with GRACE satellite gravity observations. This work highlights the importance of numerical simulations in satellite gravimetry and geodesy, offering new insights into the deformation processes that may result in gravity anomalies during the seismic cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".