Evidence for onset of convergent tectonics within the Continent-Ocean Transition zones of the Atlantic rifted margins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At the onset of convergent tectonics, lithospheric contractional deformation precedes the stages of plate rupture and underthrusting that foster subduction initiation. It is widely agreed that pre-existing lithospheric structural variations favour localisation of deformation and may be critical for subduction inception. Along magma-poor rifted margins, the Continent Ocean Transition (COT) includes structurally complex zones of thinned continental crust and serpentinized exhumed mantle, which are prone to deformation. Incipient contractional deformation during the Alpine Orogeny resulted in the formation of thrusts and folds along the COT of the reactivated magma-poor Iberian Atlantic and Armorican margins. Numerical models testing subduction initiation at magma-poor margins also reproduce thrusting and folding along the COT prior to the formation of a lithospheric shear zone within serpentinized exhumed mantle that initiates underthrusting. However, the distribution of thrusts along thinned continental crust and serpentinized exhumed mantle remains unconstrained, although it may be critical to decipher the localisation of deformation that occurs prior to and during the underthrusting stage. The North Iberian margin uniquely preserves fossilized Alpine thrusts along the COT that affected underthrust thinned continental crust and serpentinized exhumed mantle at the central part of the margin, and underthrust oceanic crust at its western corner. Thus, it represents an ideal setting for investigating the role of basement type on the formation and distribution of contractional tectonic structures prior to and during underthrusting at magma-poor margins. Based on 2D seismic reflection profiles, we describe the structure of thrusts sheets overlying transitional basement, consisting of highly thinned crust and serpentinized exhumed mantle, and oceanic crust. Our observations support the preservation of an accretionary prism overlying incipiently subducted oceanic crust. Contrastingly, large thrusts led to overthrusting of thinned continental crust and possibly serpentinized exhumed mantle resulting in crustal thickening, landward tilting and uplift of the crust and overlying sediments. Discrete thrusts deformed the upper ultra-thinned basement, leading to the deposition of wider syn-orogenic sediments. We integrate our structural observations with previous numerical and geophysical models to discuss underthrusting vs intraplate deformation and localisation vs distribution of contractional deformation along thinned continental crust and serpentinized exhumed mantle at the onset of convergence. This work is supported by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 895895 funded by the European Union´s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, the projects ASTRACAN, Ref. PID2021-123116NB and ATLANTIS, Ref. PID2021-124553OB-I00 from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, and the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, FCT, I.P./MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC): UID/50019/2025, UIDB/50019/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/50019/2020) and LA/P/0068/2020 https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0068/2020).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".