The evolution of Venus’ early water inventory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One can separate the atmospheric evolution of Venus into two epochs. The first epoch lasts from the final accreted planet 4.5 Gyr ago to the "last" resurfacing that occurred about 200-1000 Myr ago. The second epoch lasts from this resurfacing event until today. The evolution of Venus’ atmosphere during the beginning of the first epoch was exposed by very high solar EUV flux values, probably, water that was produced from the interaction between a primordial atmosphere and a magma ocean, water that was incorporated into the planet’s accretion from carbonaceous chondrites or a mixture of both sources. The different water sources have different initial D to H ratios, which could have been fractionated due to atmospheric escape. Here we will investigate how thermal escape processes may have affected or modified water-based initial D/H ratios after the planet’s origin to the last resurfacing a few hundred Myr ago. By knowing the loss rates of H2O from the planet’s origin to the time when the "last" resurfacing occurred, including the corresponding D/H ratio, allows us to make statements about the planet's water balance, since the ratio evolution during the above-mentioned second epoch is dominated by photochemical non-thermal H and D loss processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".