North Atlantic Ocean Circulation Changes Under Increased CO2 Concentrations Using a High-Resolution Global Coupled Climate Model 
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and its dependence on North Atlantic deep water formation. We used EC-Earth3-HR, the high-resolution version of the global coupled climate model EC-Earth3, with a spatial resolution of about 0.25 degrees in the ocean and 40 km in the atmosphere. Our configuration has undergone a tuning process, and a multi-centennial spin-up has been performed. The experiments analyzed consist of a pre-industrial control simulation (piControl), a one percent per year increase in CO2 experiment (1pctCO2), branching from year 250 of the piControl simulation, and two experiments with fixed CO2 concentrations (400.9 ppm and 551.5 ppm). These two experiments branch off from points corresponding to global temperature anomalies of around 1°C and 2°C in the 1pctCO2 experiment. Both simulations equilibrate at a higher global warming level. As the climate warms, North Atlantic waters become warmer and fresher, weakening deep convection and deep water formation, which reduces the strength of the AMOC by approximately 10% in the low and 20% in the high fixed-CO2 concentration experiments. Deep water formation is assessed using a novel method based on horizontal volume convergence within the main convective areas. The weakening is primarily driven by the Labrador Sea, followed by the Greenland Sea, while the Irminger Sea sustains the remaining deep water formation. These changes align with variations in AMOC strength and meridional volume transport at 26°N and 45°N. Our study emphasizes the connection between North Atlantic deep water formation and AMOC, offering insights into its expected weakening as CO2 concentrations rise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".