A Significant In-Situ Diurnal Warming Event in the Labrador Sea Unobserved by Satellite Observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diurnal warming (DW) at the ocean surface occurs when there is sufficient solar heating in the absence of vertical mixing. Observations of a DW event of 1.5 °C confined to the upper 2 m in the Labrador Sea at ~55°N were conducted with an upwardly-rising microstructure profiler. DW has been well described using satellite and in-situ observations, but there are very few reports at northerly latitudes. Contemporaneous satellite observations indicate a region that is largely obscured by clouds thereby preventing spaceborne detection of this DW event. Combining our in-situ observations with the ERA5 reanalysis product, we derive a set of conditions for potential DW in the Labrador Sea: shortwave radiation above 600 W/m2; total cloud cover less than 30%; and 10-m windspeed lower than 4 m/s. Based on this analysis, DW events in the Labrador Sea have the potential to occur more frequently than satellites can observe. A first look at microstructure profiler data from other regions of the North Atlantic indicates that such conditions can also be derived for these regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".