New coasts emerging from the retreat of Northern Hemisphere marine-terminating glaciers in the 21st century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accelerated climate warming has caused the majority of marine-terminating glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere to retreat significantly during the 21st century. While glacier retreat and changes in mass balance are widely studied on a global scale, the impacts of deglaciation on adjacent coastal geomorphology is often overlooked. We examined changes in proglacial zones of marine-terminating glaciers across the Northern Hemisphere in period 2000-2020 to provide a complete GIS dataset of new coastline released from glacial ice on the hemisphere during that time as well as coastline lost due to glacier advance. We identified a total of 2466 ± 0.8 km of new coastline, giving an average length of 123 km every year. Two-thirds of this coastline was exposed in Greenland. At the same time, only 53.1 ± 0.1 km of coastline present in 2000 was covered by glaciers in 2020. We analyse the results by region and compare them with retreat areas of the corresponding glaciers. Additionally, we identified 35 new islands larger than 0.5 km2 that were completely uncovered or which lost their glacial connection with the mainland during the period 2000-2020. Finally, we characterize these juvenile coasts by rock type, recent climatic conditions and location in particular permafrost zone. These environmental factors affect recently initiated paraglacial coastal evolution and enable to show hotspots in terms of expected geomorphological coastal dynamics.Funding: The research is supported by the National Science Centre in Poland (project: ‘GLAVE- transformation of paraglacial coasts by tsunamis - past, present and warmer future’ No. UMO-2020/38/E/ST10/00042).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".