First evidence of the A302S <i>Rdl</i> insecticide resistance mutation in populations of the bed bug, <i>Cimex lectularius</i> (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), is a pervasive indoor pest with prominent medical, veterinary, and economic impacts. Bed bug infestations are controlled by a wide range of insecticides, including pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, pyrroles, and phenylpyrazoles; however, bed bugs have evolved resistance mechanisms to most of these insecticides. Mutations in the Rdl (resistance to dieldrin) gene, located in a subunit of the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel, have been identified in several pest insects, including the German cockroach. These have been found to confer resistance to fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide commonly used in urban environments, in addition to cyclodienes (eg dieldrin), a class of insecticides banned in most countries since the 1990s. While resistance to dieldrin and fipronil has been reported in bed bugs, both C. lectularius and the tropical bed bug, C. hemipterus, the occurrence of mutations in the Rdl gene has yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, we sequence a fragment of the Rdl gene commonly found to harbor cyclodiene and phenylpyrazole conferring mutations from 134 unique populations collected across the United States and Canada spanning a 14-yr period. Homozygous genotypes for the A302S mutation were found in 2 geographically distinct populations. This finding represents the first record of a non-synonymous Rdl mutation in bed bugs and identifies another mechanism by which insecticide resistance may be conferred in this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".