Impact of amino acid-regulated beta tricalcium phosphate hydroxyapatite on enamel: An updated perspective on hydroxyapatite crystal growth for adhesive bonding?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To analyse development of hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals doped with glutamic acid and phosphorine residue (Ser-OPO 3 ) having self-remineralization, biocompatible and optimum bonding properties β-tri calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate dibasic HAp was dissolved with strontium Flouride Glu or Ser-OPO 3 components and utilised in two 0.1 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL and 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL groups. HAp formulation was evaluated for particle-size analysis, crystal size and indices using FTIR. Demineralized enamel specimens were treated and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Xray diffraction (XRD), solid state NMR, and mechanical properties. MC3T3 mouse fibroblastic cells were evaluated for alkaline-phosphate activity (ALP). Human gingival fibroblasts (PGF) were evaluated for morphology. After modifying Universal adhesives, tensile force was assessed at 24 hr and 3 months. Increasing concentrations of experimental solution exposure significantly affect mean diameter of HAp. The increasing FTIR intensity, were displayed; 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL > 0.1 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL > control. 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL revealed existence of distinct crystals, with planes orientated perpendicular to longer axis of tooth. XRD pattern indicated crystal growth with a rise in peak intensities in 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL group. The NMR spectra for Glu and Ser-OPO 3 elucidated interactions between carbon atoms in amino acid and hydrogen atoms on HAp surfaces. Surface microhardness of 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL specimens showed significantly higher values on day 28 ( p < 0.05 ). ALP density value of cells was significantly higher for 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL group on day 7 and 14. 0.1 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL and 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL enhanced migration of PGF cells in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05) . 0.1 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL and 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL groups showed significant differences in bond strength at different time points 0.1 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL and 0.2 % TCP Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Str/FL were structurally integrated into the lattice demonstrating changes within the crystallite size and became conducive for adhesive bonding. Clinical Significance: The new amino acid-based hydroxyapatite formulation is chemically stable due to the substitution of OH- with F - and is crucial in the rehardening of caries and adhesive bonding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".