ADCP measurements of bedload due to hydropeaking versus natural floods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A hydropeak is a rapid increase in river discharge induced by a hydroelectric dam when optimizing energy production.  These flow fluctuations occur in many regulated rivers and can influence sediment transport and fluvial habitat. The present study investigates the relative importance of hydropeaks versus natural floods for bedload sediment transport in the Ésera River, Central Pyrenees, Spain. An acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was used to measure both stationary time series and spatial distributions of apparent bedload velocity, which is the bias induced in ADCP bottom track velocity (Doppler sonar) due to bedload transport. A Sontek RiverSurveyor M9® ADCP, coupled with a Leica GS15® Real-Time Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNNS), was deployed on a tethered floating survey platform from the road bridge at the Santaliestra monitoring section, which is approximately 13 km downstream from the hydropower plant.During two measurement campaigns in 2019 and 2020, a total of 29 of the stationary ADCP apparent bedload velocity measurements distributed across the channel section were coupled with synchronous adjacent physical bedload samples collected with a Helley-Smith sampler.  Correlation of such paired samples can be used to develop a calibration relation between observed ADCP apparent bedload velocity (m/s) and bedload sediment transport rate (kg/m/s). The physical bedload samples were processed in the laboratory to obtain fractional bedload transport rates. The paired data set was insufficient to develop a strong overall calibration relation, but fractional results aligned with calibration relations developed in other rivers with similar mixed sand/gravel bed materials.A total of 13 spatial surveys of apparent bedload velocity were obtained for different flow rates, during both hydropeaking events and natural floods. Initial observations suggest natural floods result in greater sediment transport in the Santaliestra section due to the input of sediment from tributaries. Nonethless, hydropeaks were observed to partially destabilize/mobilize the bed, and thus contribute to sediment transport and morphodynamic processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".