Phenological changes in sex- and age-differential autumn migration of the Least Flycatcher ( <i>Empidonax minimus</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bird migration phenology has changed over the past few decades, with warming due to climate change as a likely cause. Age- and sex-specific differential migration are well documented in many species, yet only a few studies have investigated whether differential migration is reflected in a change in migration phenology over time. We studied differential migration of Least Flycatchers (Empidonax minimus) in the Beaverhill Natural Area, Alberta, Canada, using a 32 year autumn banding dataset. Adults migrated 13 days ahead of hatch-year birds, consistent with previous research, and adult females were 5 days ahead of adult males. Moreover, adult Least Flycatchers advanced migration phenology by 14 days (median) over a 32 year time period, whereas hatch-year birds advanced their median migration date by 2 days. Both adult sexes contributed to this change, although the magnitude of change was greater for females. Overall, these results suggest different phenological responses of age groups and/or sex to a changing climate with likely attendant effects on the species’ demography.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".