Phenological changes in sex- and age-differential autumn migration of the Least Flycatcher ( <i>Empidonax minimus</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bird migration phenology has changed over the past few decades, with warming due to climate change as a likely cause. Age- and sex-specific differential migration are well documented in many species, yet only a few studies have investigated whether differential migration is reflected in a change in migration phenology over time. We studied differential migration of Least Flycatchers (Empidonax minimus) in the Beaverhill Natural Area, Alberta, Canada, using a 32 year autumn banding dataset. Adults migrated 13 days ahead of hatch-year birds, consistent with previous research, and adult females were 5 days ahead of adult males. Moreover, adult Least Flycatchers advanced migration phenology by 14 days (median) over a 32 year time period, whereas hatch-year birds advanced their median migration date by 2 days. Both adult sexes contributed to this change, although the magnitude of change was greater for females. Overall, these results suggest different phenological responses of age groups and/or sex to a changing climate with likely attendant effects on the species’ demography.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".