The Role of Exercise in Mitochondrial Remodeling as a Combatant to Muscular Dystrophy: A Literature Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of diseases characterized by the progressive degeneration and weakness of skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathology of many MD subtypes that arise from various genetic mutations. Elevated oxidative stress induced by MD is a key mechanism driving mitochondrial dysfunction in these conditions. This review explores the role of exercise-induced mitochondrial remodeling and its potential therapeutic implications in MD management. Methods: This literature review covers a comprehensive scope of studies published between 2018 to 2024 that were found using PubMed and OVID MEDLINE databases. The studies selected for this review focus on the effects of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and function in the context of muscular dystrophy. Results: Exercise and exercise mimetics were found to induce mitochondrial remodeling, improve oxidative metabolism, and reduce cellular oxidative stress in various preclinical MD models and MD patients. Aerobic and resistance training elicited increased mitochondrial mass, protein levels associated with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and oxidative muscle fiber composition across different MD subtypes. However, variability in response was observed, suggesting exercise may not be beneficial for all MD patients. Discussion: Exercise is a potential therapeutic intervention in addressing mitochondrial dysfunction in MD patients. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise demonstrates benefits in enhancing mitochondrial respiratory complexes thus suggesting it has a key role in improving mitochondrial function. MD models showed increased mitochondrial mass and respiratory complex protein levels in response to resistance exercise which is correlated with improved strength. In combination with pharmaceutical or gene therapies, exercise shows promise in mitigating MD pathology. Conclusion: Exercise-induced mitochondrial remodeling appears to induce several positive mitochondrial adaptations that play a role in mitigating MD pathology across various subtypes. Exercise prescription should be tailored to specific MD subtypes to optimize mitochondrial responses, and treatment should be focused on preserving muscle function in patients. Further research is required to support the use of a combination of exercise and pharmaceutical therapies as potential intervention for MD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".