An embarrassment of riches: what to do with a material on million times more nonlinear than silica
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research reported in 2016 (Science 352, 795) showed that materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) display an unprecedentedly large nonlinear refractive index when excited at a frequency where the dielectric permittivity is nearly vanishing. The large nonlinear response of these epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials, some million times larger than that of silica glass, suggest that these materials would prove extremely useful in the development of new classes of photonic devices. In this contribution, we review the history of the understanding of nature of the nonlinear response of ENZ materials and the development of ENZ-based photonic devices. Specific investigations over the past eight years have led to increased under-standing of topics including (1) the origin of the enhancement of the nonlinear optical response, (2) the possibility of using nanofabrication methods to create ENZ behavior at any specified wavelength, and (3) the exploration of what interactions and devices are enabled through use of ENZ materials. In this contribution, we review the recent history of the development of the field of ENZ science and of the development of ENZ applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".