The Evaluation of Patient‐Controlled Analgesia Compared to Standard Opioid Analgesic Therapy in Pain Management Among Patients With Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Protocol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Aims: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS), leading to the deformation of red blood cells into a sickle shape under low oxygen conditions. These deformed cells impede blood flow, causing vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs), which result in severe pain, multiorgan damage, and increased mortality. Despite advancements in understanding the pathophysiology and management of VOCs, optimal pain management remains a significant challenge. This review aims to evaluate patient-controlled analgesia compared to standard opioid analgesic therapy in pain management among patients with SCD. Methods: The relevant studies will be searched using a well-formulated search strategy using databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. It will be screened by two reviewers independently (screening phase), and further, the third reviewer may solve if any discrepancies are noted. The primary outcomes will be pain reduction in intensity and frequency of breakthrough pain reported using a standard pain scale. The secondary outcomes will be adverse reactions, mortality rate, length of hospital stay, and 30-day readmission. Then, the eligible studies are assessed for risk for bias and quality by two review members using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies or Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool version 2. Besides, it provides strong evidence in support of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) as an optimal pain management strategy compared to other pain management strategies. It also explores PCA's safety profiles and common adverse events to provide evidence-based recommendations and establish a standard of care for treating SCD patients. Results: PRISMA format of reporting systematic review and meta-analysis protocols will be followed while presenting the results of this study. Conclusion: The findings potentially influence clinical practice, healthcare policy, and future research thereby guiding the development of evidence-based standards for VOC management in SCD patients. Trial Registration: CRD42024573178.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.028 | 0.048 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.025 | 0.031 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".