Polyacrylamide-Modified Basalt Fibers for Passive Reclamation of Oil Sands Process Water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the potential of cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM)-modified basalt fibers (BF) as biocarriers for biofilm-based organic transformation in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) in a lab-scale investigation. The fibers underwent Soxhlet extraction and epoxy treatment for CPAM coating, enhancing their hydrophilicity and surface charge, which improved microbial attachment and facilitated biodegradation of naphthenic acids (NAs), reducing their concentrations from 70.4 to 25.5 mg/L over 108 weeks. Results illustrated rapid removal of organics in the initial phase, likely due to NAs sorption onto the BF surface, followed by slower removal in subsequent stages supported by biodegradation. The desorption study confirmed that biodegradation was the dominant mechanism. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy indicated chemical transformations on BF along with a significant decrease in fluorescent organic compounds. Molecular weight analysis confirmed the transformation of complex organics into smaller molecules. Microtox showed a significant reduction in toxicity from over 50% to approximately 15–20%. eDNA sequencing revealed aerobic bacteria in outer zones and anaerobic microbes in the middle and core, while Cercomonas sp. was a dominant eukaryotic player facilitating organics attenuation. These findings suggest the use of BF in treatment wetlands or end pit lakes for OSPW treatment, offering a sustainable solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".