Coupled cantilever biosensor utilizing a novel approach to gap-method for real-time detection of E. coli in low concentrations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biosensors have become indispensable for rapid detection of pathogens and play a vital role in the monitoring of bioparticles in healthcare, environmental monitoring and food safety. This paper presents a novel microsensor consisting of a pair of coupled cantilevers. During testing, the cantilevers are immersed in a sample solution and one of the cantilevers is actively actuated to vibrate while the other is passively driven through the sample solution. To accelerate pathogen capture, dielectrophoresis (DEP) is used to concentrate the sparse bacteria in the sample solution to the gap region between the cantilevers. The captured bacteria cause frequency shifts for both cantilevers. The limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor is determined to be 15 cells/ml and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reaches to 12.8 and higher. For stagnant samples, high frequency shifts of up to 3.1 kHz are observed for 10 5 cells/ml while even for a low concentration of 100 cells/ml a substantial frequency shift of 914 Hz is recorded. Performance is also characterized at different flowrates, and significant frequency shifts up to 1.7 kHz are observed for 10 5 cells/ml concentration at 1 µl/min. These advancements establish the proposed biosensor as a highly sensitive, and versatile tool for detecting pathogens in diverse applications. • A novel biosensor using two coupled microcantilevers is presented. • The two microcantilevers are coupled through pathogens to be detected. • Pathogens are rapidly attracted to the specified area using DEP. • High SNR and low LOD are achieved. • Real-time testing using stagnant and flowing samples is conducted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".