Role of intermediate wetting states in ice adhesion and debonding mechanisms: An experimental and numerical investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice adhesion on structured surfaces is a critical challenge across industries, from transportation to energy. Superhydrophobic surfaces, engineered with micro-/nanostructures such as micropillars, offer potential solutions to reduce ice adhesion in various technological systems. In real-world applications, droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces may wet only the top asperities (Cassie state) or partially penetrate the microstructure, leading to intermediate wetting states. To understand how to design surfaces that exploit these wetting phenomena to minimize ice adhesion, we explore wetting states, including partial wetting, across various sample configurations. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic silicon wafer surfaces with well-textured micro-cylindrical pillars are fabricated to evaluate ice adhesion strength using micro push-off tests. Results indicate that patterning the surfaces can reduce ice adhesion strength by minimizing interfacial contact area. Among the various tested configurations, a specific sample with pillar diameter of 10 μm, a height of 20 μm, and a pillar spacing of 20 μm demonstrated the lowest ice adhesion strength at −20℃ for a 10 µL frozen water droplet. Interestingly, increasing the spacing between micropillars initially decreases ice adhesion strength, followed by a subsequent increase beyond a threshold value. Additionally, two different debonding modes were observed during the micro push-off tests for ice in the intermediate wetting state; translational and rotational. Finite element analysis simulations were performed to better understand the differences in the stress-state of the interface at the failure load. The results highlight the critical role of surface geometry and droplet shape on the shear and normal stress distributions at the interface. This comprehensive study offers valuable insights into the influence of microstructural features on ice adhesion and contribute to the development of surfaces engineered for controlled ice adhesion properties. • Elucidation of intermediate wetting states on cold superhydrophobic surfaces. • Experimental data on micropillar design and partial wetting role in ice adhesion. • Comprehensive numerical simulations supporting experimental observations. • Finding spacing minimizing ice adhesion strength in partially wetted microstructure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".