The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ozone layer is essential for life on planet Earth as it absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. Thus, it came as a shock when it was discovered that the emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the stratosphere was causing dangerous damage. Soon, negotiations on an Multilateral Environmental Agreement (MEA) to control a phase down of their use would be adopted. Today, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is widely regarded as the most successful MEA to date. Since its adoption, its institutional structures have extensively expanded and set many precedents for future MEAs and their design. As such, the Montreal Protocol is the ideal starting point for an analysis of MEA authority expansions. This chapter lays out the problem of ozone depletion and the creation of the Montreal Protocol and delves into three of the most impressive cases of informal authority expansion which can be observed inside its framework to identify their main driving forces. This includes the creation of the Interim Multilateral Fund, the definition of developing countries, and the creation of its compliance management mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.112 | 0.037 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".