Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work characterizes the starting vortex and unsteady shear layer generated by an impulsively started National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 0010 (NACA 0010) airfoil at angles of attack in the range of 3°–7°. Measurements are obtained by using time-resolved particle image velocimetry. The net circulation in the field is accurately predicted by Wagner's function. It is observed that the starting vortex detaches from the shear layer, while the airfoil is surging. Starting vortex circulation at detachment is presented for a range of surge speeds at pre-stall angles of attack for a given surge distance. Kinematic conditions resulting in starting vortex detachment are examined qualitatively through finite time Lyapunov exponents and quantitatively through a non-dimensional velocity ratio. Furthermore, the formation of secondary Kelvin–Helmholtz-type vortices in the shear layer is found to depend on the Reynolds number rather than the detachment of the starting vortex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".