Low-Loss 2-Bit Reflective Intelligent Surface for MM-Wave Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a low-loss 2-bit Reflective Intelligent Surface (RIS) is proposed, as a digitally controlled system for electromagnetic beam manipulation, namely beam-steering. The full structure is composed of 225 independently tunable meta-atoms, using varactor diodes, providing 4 distinct phase states of 0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees, binary coded as: “00”, “01”, “10”, and “11”, respectively. CST Microwave Studio is used for both the unit cell and full structure analysis, where a standard horn antenna is used to illuminate the programmable metasurface. The far-field beam-steering mechanism of the proposed antenna is achieved by digitally coding the RIS elements with unique coding sequences, to redirect the beam to a predefined angle. Simulation results show that the beam scanning range covers 60 degrees (±30), and this capability can be further extended to enable wider beam scanning, making the proposed programmable metasurface a potential candidate for future mm-wave wireless communication systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".