Low-Loss 2-Bit Reflective Intelligent Surface for MM-Wave Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a low-loss 2-bit Reflective Intelligent Surface (RIS) is proposed, as a digitally controlled system for electromagnetic beam manipulation, namely beam-steering. The full structure is composed of 225 independently tunable meta-atoms, using varactor diodes, providing 4 distinct phase states of 0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees, binary coded as: “00”, “01”, “10”, and “11”, respectively. CST Microwave Studio is used for both the unit cell and full structure analysis, where a standard horn antenna is used to illuminate the programmable metasurface. The far-field beam-steering mechanism of the proposed antenna is achieved by digitally coding the RIS elements with unique coding sequences, to redirect the beam to a predefined angle. Simulation results show that the beam scanning range covers 60 degrees (±30), and this capability can be further extended to enable wider beam scanning, making the proposed programmable metasurface a potential candidate for future mm-wave wireless communication systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".