COVID-19 School Closures and Peer Violence in Adolescents in 42 Countries: Evidence from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract An increasing body of literature shows the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures on the mental health and well-being of adolescents. However, few studies have examined how national-level lockdown measures, specifically school closures, are related to levels of peer violence among adolescents. The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study allows a unique opportunity to examine cross-nationally across representative samples of adolescents, the relationship between days of school closure and levels of school and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization and physical fighting. The current cross-sectional study, which includes data from 244,405 children (50.6% female) from 42 countries and regions, collected following the return to school (August 2021 to June 2023), showed a negative association between days of school closure and all four forms of bullying perpetration and victimization, but no such relationship with physical fighting. The associations held particularly for boys and older adolescents, for whom the prevalence of bullying perpetration was higher. Results strengthen an ecological model whereby distal structural factors, such as national school policy, shape the expression of peer violence among young people. They also support a theoretical perspective in which school bullying and cyberbullying share common drivers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".