Exploring the Potential of Offshore Geological CO<sub>2</sub> Storage in Canada: A Comprehensive Review and Future Outlook
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Offshore Geological Carbon Storage (GCS) stands at the intersection of energy innovation, climate policy, and marine resource management, offering a strategic approach to reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. Canada’s offshore regions present substantial opportunities for large-scale GCS, potentially mitigating a portion of the country’s 670 million tonnes of annual CO2 emissions. While onshore sites have been more extensively examined, Canadian offshore formations offer an underutilized capacity that can be leveraged to achieve meaningful climate targets. This review canvasses the extensive evidence based on Canadian offshore GCS potential, drawing together multidisciplinary perspectives that address site characterization, operational practices, economic dynamics, and governance complexities. The intention is to provide a technically rigorous yet accessible overview that elucidates the requirements of safe and efficient offshore GCS. After assessing comprehensive screening criteria for offshore GCS site selection, we explore the technical intricacies that govern successful offshore GCS, spanning well construction, reservoir management, and real-time monitoring methods. The economic dimension is scrutinized with a comparative lens placed on cost structures for offshore versus onshore projects, capital expenses, and potential revenue streams. Construction and installation constitute 70–80% of offshore structure costs, with subsea CO2 pipelines adding 10–30% to the overall project costs. Detailed analyses of Canada’s regulatory landscape reveal significant complexity, with overlapping jurisdictions and lack of legal clarity on liability and long-term stewardship. Indigenous engagement and stakeholder consultation remain critical for ensuring equitable and socially accepted project development. Throughout, the environmental and social dimensions are kept in view. Potential leakage pathways, induced seismicity, and ecosystem impacts are discussed. Drawing on best practices from established international projects, this review highlights the adaptive learning that Canada can undertake. In bringing together these diverse strands─geoscience, engineering, economics, law, environment, and society─this review aims to illuminate practical pathways for advancing offshore GCS in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".