Biodiesel production as an alternative for energetic valorization of biomass from poultry wastewater through <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> and Novozyme 435
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This experiment used valorized biomass of Chlorella vulgaris obtained by a culture in poultry wastewater to successfully produce biodiesel through enzymatic transesterification with 1% Novozyme 435 ( Candida antarctica lipase B, CAL B). To increase % biodiesel conversion utilizing valorized biomass lipids, the study sought to determine the ideal temperature (35°C and 45°C) and alcohol:oil molar ratio (6:1 and 9:1) for the transesterification reaction (two‐factor experimental design with two quantitative levels). It was found that the temperature of 35°C and the molar ratio of 9:1 are the temperature and molar ratio conditions that improve the conversion to biodiesel, achieving a % biodiesel conversion of 82% in 8 h of reaction ( p < 0.05). Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were characterized by gas chromatography demonstrating the production of biodiesel, the parameters acid number, density, cloud point, refractive index, and flash point complied with ASTM standards, the rheological behaviour of the biodiesel obtained was Newtonian ( n = 1).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".