Hydrodynamic characteristics in pools with leafless vegetation under ice-covered flow conditions − an experimental study and numerical simulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• First time to evaluate the hydrodynamic characteristics in pools in the presence of both ice cover and vegetation. • The cover roughness, and submergence ratio of vegetation are critical factors affecting the hydrodynamics in the pool. • An analytical model was developed to determine streamwise velocity profiles above the vegetation under ice cover. This study investigates the impact of submerged rigid leafless vegetation on the hydrodynamic characteristics in pools and explores the turbulent kinetic energy profile of flow under ice-covered flow conditions. To investigate the effects of leafless vegetation on flow velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and secondary flow variations, laboratory experiments have been conducted in a large-scale outdoor flume considering different water surface cover conditions, submergence heights of vegetation, pool features, and hydraulic conditions. The Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model, implemented in Flow-3D (CFD) software, has been used to simulate fluid dynamics in the channel with pools. The results indicate that vegetation transforms the vertical distribution of main flow velocity within the vegetated zone from a logarithmic shape to a quasi-S shape. Compared to the non-vegetated conditions, vegetation in the pool bed induces notable disturbances in lateral velocity, fostering the formation of secondary currents across the pool cross-sections. The velocity decreases within the vegetated zone in the pool. Still, it increases as the height of vegetation rises, suggesting that vegetation significantly obstructs flow in the pool and creates a slow flow zone, potentially enhancing habitat suitability for aquatic organisms near the pool bottom. Turbulent kinetic energy exhibits significant changes near the vegetation tops, with the maximum values observed at the vegetation-water interface under open channel flow conditions forming a mirrored “C” shape, indicating substantial energy exchange at this boundary. In the presence of an ice cover on the water surface, the turbulent kinetic energy demonstrates a sharp increase near the surface. As inflow increases, the turbulent kinetic energy along the water depth in the pool increases. This study demonstrates that Flow-3D software effectively simulates the impact of leafless vegetation on the hydrodynamic characteristics of channels with pools, providing valuable insights for flood control, riverbank restoration, and ecological protection efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".