Phentolamine Infusion for the Treatment of Norepinephrine Extravasation in a Dog
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of clinically significant norepinephrine extravasation in a dog with a successful outcome following the use of subcutaneous phentolamine infusion. CASE SUMMARY: An 8-year-old male neutered Labrador Retriever experienced norepinephrine extravasation from a cephalic, peripheral intravenous catheter while under anesthesia for an exploratory laparotomy. Upon recognition of norepinephrine extravasation, moderate subcutaneous edema and a painful dermal plaque were apparent at the extravasation site. Ten milligrams of phentolamine mesylate, a potent alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, were diluted in 10 mL of sterile saline and administered subcutaneously in small aliquots at multiple sites in the area of extravasation. The patient remained hemodynamically stable during and after the infusion. Most phentolamine injections produced instantaneous erythematous macules that resolved 24-36 h later, and the integument in the extravasation area rapidly changed from a "blanched" to a "pink" color. The subcutaneous edema gradually resolved within 7 days post-extravasation. At 12 h following extravasation, the dermal plaque progressed into a necrotic focus, which later developed into an ulcer (36 h), then a small crust (7 days), and finally healed epidermis (9 days). When the patient was euthanized 10 days after surgery due to continued decline secondary to systemic disease, there remained only a small superficial crust at the site of extravasation. UNIQUE INFORMATION: To the authors' knowledge at the time of submission, this case report documented the first reported clinical use of subcutaneous phentolamine infusion for the management of norepinephrine extravasation in a veterinary species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".