Summertime diurnal variability of Formaldehyde (HCHO) over CONUS: constraints from Pandonia Global Network (PGN)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a secondary air pollutant, and the diurnal cycle of HCHO provide critical insights into tropospheric photochemistry. Here we use tropospheric HCHO retrievals from the emerging Pandonia Global Network (PGN), combined with NASA’s GEOS Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) model to understand the diurnal variation of summertime HCHO across the contiguous US (CONUS). While PGN HCHOtrop shows a weak diurnal cycle in most regions, a distinct bell-shaped diurnal pattern is found at the urban sites of Southern US (mainly in Houston), likely driven by highly reactive VOC emissions. However, GEOS-CF shows an excessively uniform HCHO vertical shape within the PBL, while PGN shows a significant decrease in HCHO concentrations from 0.5 to 2 km. This discrepancy in HCHO profile leads to an overestimated HCHOtrop in GEOS-CF in Northeast Coastal US and Southeast US. These findings offer valuable insights for interpreting geostationary satellite observations and understanding model biases in surface O3.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".