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Record W4408819800 · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.4c01029

Assessing Passive Sampling for the Monitoring of <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. in Environmental Waters

2025· article· en· W4408819800 on OpenAlex
Ilya Law, Erin L. Becker, Brandon S. Spoja, Katrina Kobal, Martha S. Yiridoe, Abdul Alashraf, Beth L. Parker, David McCarthy, Heather Murphy

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueACS ES&T Water · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicFecal contamination and water quality
Canadian institutionsAgricultural Institute of CanadaUniversity of Guelph
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaCanada Research Chairs
KeywordsCryptosporidiumWastewaterSurface waterSampling (signal processing)Passive samplingSewage treatmentEscherichia coliEnvironmental scienceEnvironmental engineeringEnvironmental chemistryChemistryMicrobiologyBiologyMathematicsPhysicsStatistics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Passive sampling has shown promise as an alternative approach for monitoring of pathogens in aquatic matrices. We conducted two controlled experiments to compare the efficacy of membrane passive sampling to composite sampling in both wastewater and surface water for the detection of Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium . We also investigated the relative uptake of E. coli and Cryptosporidium onto membrane passive samplers over time. Both sampling methods returned positive detections of E. coli at all deployment times (4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) in both water matrices. Passive sampling for Cryptosporidium showed similar detection rates as composite samples in surface water (31% passive; 41% composite) and wastewater (76% passive; 86% composite). We found significant linear uptake of E. coli onto passive samplers up to 96 h in surface water ( R 2 = 0.932; p = 0.002). In wastewater, maximum passive sampler uptake of E. coli was reached after 24 h. For Cryptosporidium, linear uptake was observed up to 96 h for both surface water ( R 2 = 0.805; p = 0.015) and wastewater ( R 2 = 0.877; p = 0.006). Our results support that membrane passive samplers may be used for the detection of Cryptosporidium and E. coli in surface waters for up to 96 h.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.136
Threshold uncertainty score0.265

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.024
GPT teacher head0.280
Teacher spread0.256 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it