Changes in plasma cytokines following a 60‐h fast are not influenced by the addition of exercise despite elevated ketones in healthy young adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Immunometabolic processes maintain physiological homeostasis and are implicated in various chronic diseases. Fasting and exercise independently alter metabolic and immunological processes; their combination could provide insights into immunometabolic interactions. Using a randomized crossover design, 15 healthy adults (six females, nine males, 26.5 ± 4.3 years) fasted for 60 h with and without the addition of a 3 h cycling bout (65%–80% VO 2 peak). Fasting alone (FAST) and with exercise (FEX) reduced plasma glucose, insulin, respiratory exchange ratio, and increased β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB; all p < 0.01). FEX elicited more rapid changes in glucose and BHB and higher BHB concentrations at 60 h (all p < 0.01). Both conditions decreased circulating TNF‐⍺ concentrations and increased IL‐10 ( p < 0.01), although the increase in IL‐10 appeared to be driven by the FEX condition ( p = 0.03). IL‐6 concentrations tended to increase in both conditions ( p = 0.1). Total white blood cell count remained unchanged after 60 h in both conditions, with only modest changes in some leukocyte subpopulations. Collectively, the observed changes in circulating cytokine concentrations support an overall anti‐inflammatory effect of prolonged fasting, while the maintenance of leukocyte concentrations suggests immune function is not compromised. Despite greater metabolic strain, the addition of prolonged exercise did not appear to augment changes in systemic cytokines and leukocytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".