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Record W4408859999 · doi:10.18280/ijsse.150212

Steganalysis of Secret Messages Using the Blockiness Method on Stego Color Images

2025· article· en· W4408859999 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Fatimah Husam Kamil, Maisa’a Abid Ali Khodher, Layth Kamil Adday

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Safety and Security Engineering · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicAdvanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSteganalysisSteganographyArtificial intelligenceComputer securityComputer scienceImage (mathematics)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Information hiding is the art of concealing the existence of communication using embedded concealed letters inside unhurt, shown covering color images, detection of hiding, estimate of letters, and its extraction, which belong in the field of steganalysis.Sometimes, there are important messages hidden inside stego-color images.Due to the difficulty of extracting secret messages from color images, this paper proposed a system using the blockiness method to detect and extract secret messages from stego-color images.Using several steps: in the first step, split the size of the stego-color image for 8×8 blocks; in the second step, decompose each block for one domination array according to the size of the image of each block, then search for a hidden message.In the last step, it found a secret message from each pixel in each block by blockiness to find the binary bit from pixels to extract the secret message; this involves converting the binary bit to decimal and converting it to ASCII characters that generate a set of symbols that compress the secret message.The results obtained are efficient, fast, and powerful in detecting secret messages and transparency, by using several measurements, PSNR, MSE, Entropy, correlation, histogram, and capacity to detect the secret message in stego-color images.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.001
Threshold uncertainty score0.003

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.281
Teacher spread0.274 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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