Effects of boxing exercise in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive changes in both motor and non-motor symptoms. Boxing exercise can improve PD symptoms. This review aimed to determine the effects of boxing exercise on lower extremity strength, balance, mobility, gait, depression, quality of life, disease severity, exercise safety, and adherence in patients with PD. Design: A systematic review. Setting and participants: Articles were selected if they included participants diagnosed with PD and used boxing exercise as the main intervention. Methods: Systematic review study based on PRISMA criteria. Searches were implemented in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until February 2024. We selected studies reporting on the pre-post assessment of a boxing intervention with lower extremity strength, balance, mobility, gait, depression, quality of life, disease severity, exercise safety, and adherence in patients with PD. Two independent reviewers conducted study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database and ROBINS-I 2.0 criteria evaluated the literature's quality. Results: Out of 4,301 records, 13 studies were included, involving 402 PD patients aged 53-89, with 72.4% being male. Interventions lasted 6-96 weeks, primarily in community settings and gymnasiums. Moderate-quality evidence suggested boxing exercises is feasible and effective for enhancing lower extremity strength, balance, mobility, gait, depression, quality of life, disease severity, exercise safety and adherence in PD patients. Conclusions and implications: Boxing exercise can effectively improve both motor and non-motor symptoms in PD patients, with safety and high adherence. This review systematically summarizes the emerging evidence on the application of boxing exercise in the rehabilitation of patients with PD. Future research should include more homogenous PD patient populations and conducting randomized controlled trials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".