Turbulent flow-based habitat complexity metrics around instream boulders in support of river restoration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Instream boulder placement has been commonly used to restore degraded streams by enhancing instream complexity and ecological value. Boulder-induced variations in turbulent flow characteristics affect the quality and availability of aquatic habitats in riverine systems. This experimental study, for the first time, systematically assesses the influence of boulder placement in rock-ramp arrangement on turbulent flow-based habitat complexity metrics. Acoustic Doppler velocimeter measurements were performed in an open channel flume to obtain turbulent flow-based habitat complexity metrics important to fish, such as turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent energy dissipation rate, integral length scale, and near-bed Reynolds shear stress for multiple boulder concentrations and flow events. The findings offer insights into the implications of these metrics for fish habitat suitability. This study introduces novel relationships that can facilitate the estimation of the turbulent flow-based habitat complexity metrics in boulder-bed streams. The results of this study may aid stream restoration projects that employ boulder placement techniques by providing a better understanding of the interactions between boulders, turbulent flow, and instream habitat quality and availability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".